سیاست گذاری پیشرفت شهری

سیاست گذاری پیشرفت شهری

پیش‌بینی تقاضای برق خانگی تحت سناریوهای تغییرات اقلیمی: یک مدل مبتنی بر پایتون با بهره‌گیری از ‌روز درجه‌های سرمایش و گرمایش

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی سیستم‌های انرژی، دانشکدۀ مهندسی انرژی و منابع پایدار، دانشکدگان علوم و فناوری‌های میان‌رشته‌ای دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 استاد تمام مهندسی سیستم‌های انرژی، دانشکدۀ مهندسی انرژی و منابع پایدار، دانشکدگان علوم و فناوری‌های میان‌رشته‌ای دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
این پژوهش با هدف پیش‌بینی بلندمدت تقاضای برق خانگی تحت سناریوهای مختلف تغییرات اقلیمی از جمله افزایش و کاهش دما به ازای هر سال 1 و 5/0 درجه و مدل‌های اقلیم‌سنجی CMIP6 انجام شده است. با افزایش دمای متوسط و تشدید امواج گرما، نیاز به سرمایش در بخش خانگی رشد می‌کند و اوج بار در تابستان افزایش می‌یابد. برای تحلیل این روند، یک چهارچوب داده‌محور ارائه شده که در آن شاخص‌های درجه‌روز سرمایش و گرمایش، به‌ همراه تعداد مشترکان و روند زمانی، در قالب یک مدل رگرسیون چندمتغیره سالانه به ‌کار گرفته شده‌اند. همچنین، از داده‌های دمای روزانه برای توزیع مصرف سالانه به مقیاس‌های روزانه و ساعتی استفاده شده تا تغییرات پیک بار قابل بررسی باشد. ارزیابی مدل نشان می‌دهد عملکرد بسیار دقیقی دارد؛ ضریب تعیین در داده‌های آموزش 995/0 و در آزمون 979/0 بوده و مقدار خطای مربعات میانگین جذر حدود 82/547 کیلووات‌ساعت، یعنی کمتر از یک درصد مصرف سالانه است. نتایج سناریوهای اقلیمی نشان می‌دهد شاخص درجه‌روز سرمایشی محرک اصلی افزایش مصرف برق در تهران است و از حدود 780 واحد در سال پایه به 3 هزار واحد در سناریوی افزایش ملایم و بیش از 7200 واحد در سناریوی شدید می‌رسد؛ یعنی رشدی بین 285 تا 820 درصد. در مقابل، شاخص درجه‌روز گرمایشی در سناریوهای گرم‌تر کاهش می‌یابد و اثر قابل‌ توجهی بر مصرف ندارد. بر اساس پیش‌بینی‌ها، مصرف برق خانگی تا سال 2050 بین 75 تا 132 درصد افزایش می‌یابد و تفاوت میان گرم‌ترین و سردترین سناریوها بیش از 77 هزار کیلووات‌ساعت خواهد بود. تحلیل ساعتی نیز نشان می‌دهد پیک بار عصرگاهی حدود 5/21 و کمینۀ بامدادی حدود 7 کیلووات‌ساعت است. این چهارچوب می‌تواند ابزاری مؤثر برای برنامه‌ریزی شبکه و مدیریت بار تحت شرایط گرمایش جهانی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Forecasting Residential Electricity Demand under Climate Change Scenarios: A Python-based Model Incorporating Cooling and Heating Degree Days

نویسندگان English

Mona Mirrazavi 1
Younes Noorollahi 2
Saba Amouzadeh 1
Mohanna Baba Hoseinpour 1
Hosein Yousefi 2
1 M.Sc. Student of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering and Sustainable Resources, College of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Full Professor of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering and Sustainable Resources, College of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

This research aims to forecast the long-term household electricity demand under various climate change scenarios, including temperature increases of 1°C and 0.5°C per year, as well as decreases of 1°C and 0.5°C per year, utilizing CMIP6 climate projection models. With the rise in average temperatures and the intensification of heatwaves, cooling requirements in the residential sector have increased, leading to higher summer peak loads. To analyze this trend, a data-driven framework is proposed that employs a multivariate annual regression model incorporating Cooling Degree Days (CDD), Heating Degree Days (HDD), the number of subscribers, and temporal trends. Furthermore, daily temperature data are used to disaggregate annual consumption into daily and hourly scales, enabling the examination of peak load variations. Model evaluation indicates highly accurate performance, with coefficients of determination (R²) of 0.995 for the training set and 0.979 for the test set. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is approximately 547.82 kWh, corresponding to less than one percent of annual consumption. Climate scenario analysis reveals that the CDD index is the primary driver of rising electricity use in Tehran expanding from roughly 780 units in the baseline year to 3,000 in the mild warming scenario and over 7,200 units in the severe one, representing growth of 285% to 820%. Conversely, the HDD index declines under warmer scenarios, contributing little to overall demand. Forecasts suggest that household electricity consumption will increase by 75–132% by 2050, with the difference between the warmest and coldest scenarios exceeding 77,000 kWh. Hourly analysis shows an evening peak load of approximately 21.5 kWh and an early-morning minimum of about 7 kWh. The proposed framework can serve as an effective tool for power system planning and load management under global warming conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Climate change
Cooling and heating degree days
Load management
Power system planning
Residential electricity demand forecasting
1.  Sharmina M, Broad O, Barrett J, Brand C, Garvey A, Kennard H, et al. Policymaker-led scenarios and public dialogue facilitate energy demand analysis for net-zero futures. Nature Energy. 2025:1-11.
2.  El-Araby R. Biofuel production: exploring renewable energy solutions for a greener future. Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts. 2024;17(1):129.
3.  Zhang C, Liao H, Mi Z. Climate impacts: temperature and electricity consumption. Natural Hazards. 2019;99(3):1259-75.
4.  Rezaei EE, Webber H, Asseng S, Boote K, Durand JL, Ewert F, et al. Climate change impacts on crop yields. nature reviews earth & environment. 2023;4(12):831-46.
5.  Silva S, Soares I, Pinho C. Climate change impacts on electricity demand: The case of a Southern European country. Utilities Policy. 2020;67:101115.
6.  Fan J-L, Tang B-J, Yu H, Hou Y-B, Wei Y-M. Impact of climatic factors on monthly electricity consumption of China’s sectors. Natural Hazards. 2015;75(2):2027-37.
7.  Gulaydin O, Mourshed M. Machine learning for subnational residential electricity demand forecasting to 2050 under shared socioeconomic pathways: Comparing tree-based, neural and kernel methods. Energy. 2025:138195.
8.  Yeşilyurt H, Dokuz Y, Dokuz AS. Building Energy Consumption Prediction Based on Meteorological, Temporal and Meta Features Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Temporal and Meta Features Using Machine Learning Algorithms.
9.  Kheiri F, Haberl JS, Baltazar J-C. Split-degree day method: A novel degree day method for improving building energy performance estimation. Energy and Buildings. 2023;289:113034.
10.       Zhang S, Guo Q, Smyth R, Yao Y. Extreme temperatures and residential electricity consumption: Evidence from Chinese households. Energy Economics. 2022;107:105890.
11.       Nam K, Seo W-K. Nonlinear temperature sensitivity of residential electricity demand: Evidence from a distributional regression approach. Energy Economics. 2025:109076.
12.       Roberts MJ, Zhang S, Yuan E, Jones J, Fripp M. Using temperature sensitivity to estimate shiftable electricity demand. Iscience. 2022;25(9).
13.       Kumar R, Rachunok B, Maia-Silva D, Nateghi R. Asymmetrical response of California electricity demand to summer-time temperature variation. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):10904.
14.       Fache A, Bhat MG. Temperature sensitive electricity demand and policy implications for energy transition: a case study of Florida, USA. Frontiers in Sustainable Energy Policy. 2024;2:1271035.
15.       Daie B, Arian H, Sharifi H. Assessment of Residential Electrical Energy Demands Using Heating and Cooling Degree Days in Kabul City. Available at SSRN 4835583.
16.       Gómez G, Soto S, Suástegui JA, Acuña A, Magaña HD. A New Proposal for the Use of Cooling Degree Hours for the Energy Simulation of Residential Buildings in Mexico. Energies. 2025;18(17):4554.
17.       Andreou A. Improving projections of residential space cooling electricity demand: University of Leeds; 2020.
18.       Muslih KD. Annual and Monthly Trends of Cooling and Heating Degree-Days in Four Different Cities in Iraq as an Index of Energy Consumption: Annual and Monthly Trends of Cooling and Heating Degree-Days in Four Different Cities in Iraq as an Index of Energy Consumption. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. 2022;58(1):33-43.
19.       Guven D, Kayalica MO, Kayakutlu G, Isikli E. Impact of climate change on sectoral electricity demand in Turkey. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy. 2021;16(3):235-57.
20.       Li Y, Pizer WA, Wu L. Climate change and residential electricity consumption in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019;116(2):472-7.
21.       Dao CD. Impacts of climate change on residential demand for electricity in New Brunswick. 2021.
22.       Solaun K, Cerda E. THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ELECTRICITY DEMAND. CASE STUDY IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY. DYNA-Ingeniería e Industria. 2020;95(2).
23.       Panigrahi A. Forecasting Residential Electricity Load Demand using Machine Learning: Dublin, National College of Ireland; 2020.
24.       Shaik SA. Forecasting the electricity demand using machine learning algorithms: Dublin Business School; 2020.
25.       Herjuna SAS, Budisusila EN, Haddin M. Electricity demand forecasting in Ambon using machine learning techniques. International Journal of Mechanical Computational and Manufacturing Research. 2024;13(2):57-67.
26.       Sleem AA, Syed MN. Novel Predictive Factors to Boost Short-Term Electricity Demand Forecasting Using Machine Learning Models. IEEE Access. 2025.
27.       Aroonruengsawat A, Auffhammer M. Impacts of climate change on residential electricity consumption: evidence from billing data. The Economics of climate change: Adaptations past and present: University of Chicago Press; 2011. p. 311-42.
28.       Salari M, Javid RJ. Residential energy demand in the United States: Analysis using static and dynamic approaches. Energy Policy. 2016;98:637-49.
29.       Petri Y, Caldeira K. Impacts of global warming on residential heating and cooling degree-days in the United States. Scientific reports. 2015;5(1):12427.
30.       Omidvar K, Ebrahimi R, Mazidi A, Alizadeh T. Comparative Analysis of Iran’s Average Monthly Heating and Cooling Degree Days during the Past and Future Periods. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR). 2018;26(104):197-209.
31.       Zabihi O, Ahmadi A. Multi-criteria evaluation of CMIP6 precipitation and temperature simulations over Iran. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 2024;52:101707.
32.       Zarrin A, Dadashi-Roudbari A. Projected changes in temperature over Iran by 2040 based on CMIP6 multi-model ensemble. Physical Geography Research. 2021;53(1):75-90.
33.       Brown RE, Koomey JG. Electricity use in California: past trends and present usage patterns. Energy policy. 2003;31(9):849-64.
34.       Atallah T, Lanza A, Gualdi S, editors. Normalizing residential and commercial energy demand for climatic conditions. Sustainable Energy Policy and Strategies for Europe, 14th IAEE European Conference, October 28-31, 2014; 2014: International Association for Energy Economics.
35.       Wilson E, Parker A, Fontanini A, Present E, Reyna J, Adhikari R, et al. End-use load profiles for the us building stock. DOE Open Energy Data Initiative (OEDI); National Renewable Energy Laboratory …; 2021.
36.       Eshraghi H, Ansari M, Moshari S, Gholami J. Climatic zoning and per capita demand forecast of Iran using degree-day method. Advances in Building Energy Research. 2021;15(6):683-708.
37.       Emenekwe CC, Emodi NV. Temperature and residential electricity demand for heating and cooling in G7 economies: A method of moments panel quantile regression approach. Climate. 2022;10(10):142.
 

  • تاریخ دریافت 08 بهمن 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 08 اسفند 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 01 خرداد 1405
  • تاریخ انتشار 01 مهر 1405